This study showed the nexus between state and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), being the mainstream Islamic group addressing political ideology beyond Pancasila. The transnational influence views religion as an ideology, not faith, resulting in the different nation's elites response. Furthermore, the government failed to formalise the relationship by endorsing NU to take concrete measures in the area. This study demonstrated how Indonesian religious organisations could maintain stability. The post-Suharto era evinced the special relationship between the state and the largest Muslim organisation, helping the government to defuse militant doctrines. Furthermore, this study defied the secularisation theories to set aside the religion's role in adapting national democracy or social development. The findings indicated that the compromising politicking religion could strengthen the national identity and ideology shield of external infiltration doctrine. CONTRIBUTION: This article examines the problem of contemporary nationalism post-Suharto and the variety of potential disintegration. Indeed, the appearance of nationalist-based religious groups such as NU strengthens the nation's integrity by building awareness of binding religion and nationalism.

Abstract Biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wasenhancedin rice polishing by fermentation to increase protein contents of feedfor its use in livestock. Broth culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.6×108CFU/mL) was prepared from culture obtained by continuous streaking. The isolated culture was identified morphologically by Gram staining and confirmed by biochemical characteristics. Rice polishing was sieved to remove larger particles. Then it was distributed to 4 treatments in triplicates. Treatments were represented as rice polishing (RP), rice polishing plus Saccharomyces culture (RPSC), rice polishing plus ammonium sulphate (RPAS), rice polishing plus Saccharomyces culture plus ammonium sulphate (RPSCAS).Fermentation was provided for 144 hours at 320C,while samples were collected after every 24 hours. Samples were dried, ground and subjected to proximate analysis. It was observed that protein content was increased from 11% to 21.51% and maximum increment was obtained after 144 hours of incubation in RPSC treatment. Ether extract and ash were increased from 14% and 10% to 16.96% and 11.11% in RPSCAS respectively. A significant reduction in neutral detergent fiber was observed after fermentation. It is concluded that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has potential to improve mineral and protein contents of rice polishing by fermentation process with or without addition of nitrogen source.

Abstract: The normal distribution has a central place in distribution theory and statistics. We propose the log-odd normal generalized (LONG) family of distributions based on log-odds and obtain some of its mathematical properties including a useful linear representation for the new family. We investigate, as a special model, the log-odd normal power-Cauchy (LONPC) distribution. Some structural properties of LONPC distribution are obtained including quantile function, ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function and some asymptotics. We estimate the model parameters using the maximum likelihood method. The usefulness of the proposed family is proved empirically by means of a real air pollution data set.

The art of parameter(s) induction to the baseline distribution has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The induction of one or more additional shape parameter(s) to the baseline distribution makes the distribution more flexible especially for studying the tail properties. This parameter(s) induction also proved helpful in improving the goodness-of-fit of the proposed generalized family of distributions. There exist many generalized (or generated) G families of continuous univariate distributions since 1985. In this paper, the well-established and widely-accepted G families of distributions like the exponentiated family, Marshall-Olkin extended family, beta-generated family, McDonald-generalized family, Kumaraswamy-generalized family and exponentiated generalized family are discussed. We provide lists of contributed literature on these well-established G families of distributions. Some extended forms of the Marshall-Olkin extended family and Kumaraswamy-generalized family of distributions are proposed.

Ag-Sn/CeO2 catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method with different Ag-Sn wt.% loadings and were tested for the oxidation of CO. The catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) techniques. UV-Vis measurements were carried out to elucidate the ionic states of the silver particles, and the temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) technique was employed to check the reduction temperature of the catalyst supported on CeO2. There are peaks for silver crystallites in the X-ray diffraction patterns and the presence of SnO was not well evidenced by the XRD technique due to sintering inside the 3D array channels of CeO2 during the calcination process. The Ag-Sn/CeO2 (4%) catalyst was the most efficient and exhibited 100% CO oxidation at 100 ºC due to small particle size and strong electronic interaction with the SnO/CeO2 support.

To evaluate heterosis, reciprocal effect, general and specific combining abilities for bodyweight, a diallel crossing experiment was conducted using three genotypes of Nigerian indigenous chickens: normal (N), frizzle (F) and naked-neck (Na). A total of 601 chicks was hatched from all possible matings between the three genotypes. The chicks used in this study were hatched from a foundation stock of 90 chickens comprising 25 hens and 5 cocks for each of the three genotypes. A mating ratio of 1 male : 5 females was employed. Furthermore, data on bodyweight were scrutinized with complete diallel analysis after they had been corrected for significant effects of hatch of birds using least squares constants. The results revealed that bodyweight (BWT) was significantly influenced by genetic groups with the frizzle-naked (FNa) having the best performance at all ages (4 - 20 weeks) except at hatch, with a mean final BWT of 1173 g at 20 weeks old. The next best performing was its reciprocal, the naked-frizzle (NaF), with a mean final BWT of 1162 g. Furthermore, the FNa gave the best estimates for heterosis and specific combining ability, while the F and NNa gave the best estimates for general combining ability and reciprocal effect, respectively. Therefore, the F genotype as sire and the Na as dam provided the most suitable combination for improved BWT. Furthermore, the use of the Na genotype as dam was more suitable owing to the significant reciprocal effect.

Low-cost technologies to diagnose and monitor human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in developing countries are a major subject of current research and health care in the developing world. With the great need to increase access to affordable HIV monitoring services in rural areas of developing countries, much work has been focus on the development of point-of-care technologies that are affordable, robust, easy to use, portable and of sufficient quantitative accuracy to enable clinical decision-making. For diagnosis of HIV infection, some low-cost tests, such as lateral flow tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, are already in place and well established. However, portable quantitative tests for rapid HIV monitoring at the point of care have only recently been introduced to the market. In this review, we discuss low-cost tests for HIV diagnosis and monitoring in low-resource settings, including promising technologies for use at the point of care, that are available or close to market.

Las tecnologías de bajo coste para diagnosticar y controlar la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en los países en desarrollo son un tema principal de las investigaciones en curso y la atención sanitaria en el mundo en desarrollo. Debido a la necesidad imperiosa de aumentar el acceso a servicios de seguimiento del VIH asequibles en las áreas rurales de los países en desarrollo, se ha trabajado mucho en el desarrollo de tecnologías de puntos de atención asequibles, robustas, de uso sencillo, transportables y suficientemente precisas desde el punto de vista cuantitativo como para permitir la toma de decisiones clínicas. Algunas de las pruebas de bajo coste para el diagnóstico de la infección por VIH, como la prueba de flujo lateral y las pruebas de inmunoabsorción enzimática, ya están disponibles y bien establecidas. Sin embargo, las pruebas cuantitativas portátiles para realizar un seguimiento rápido del VIH en los puntos de atención se han introducido recientemente en el mercado. En la presente revisión hablamos acerca de las pruebas de bajo coste para el diagnóstico y seguimiento del VIH en entornos con pocos recursos, incluidas las tecnologías prometedoras disponibles o listas para salir al mercado para su uso en los puntos de atención.

Les technologies à faible coût pour diagnostiquer et suivre l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) dans les pays en voie de développement sont un sujet majeur de la recherche actuelle et des soins de santé dans le monde en développement. Tenant compte du besoin crucial d'accroître l'accès à des services de suivi du VIH dans les zones rurales des pays en voie de développement, beaucoup d'énergie a été consacrée au développement de technologies sur les lieux des soins, qui soient abordables, robustes, faciles à utiliser, portables et d'une précision quantitative suffisante pour permettre la prise de décisions cliniques. Pour le diagnostic de l'infection par le VIH, des tests à faible coût, tels que des tests d'écoulement latéraux et des dosages immunoenzymatiques, sont déjà en place et bien établis. Cependant, les tests quantitatifs portables pour un suivi rapide du VIH sur les lieux des soins n'ont été que récemment introduits sur le marché. Dans cette étude, nous évaluons les tests de diagnostic et de suivi du VIH à faible coût dans des contextes de ressources limitées, y compris les technologies prometteuses pouvant être utilisées sur les lieux des soins, qui sont disponibles ou seront bientôt mises sur le marché.

The (Benzoic acid + kerosene + water) system was studied in a 5.0 cm diameter liquid pulsed liquid-liquid extraction column with a total number of 80 sieve plates. The effect of pulsation intensity, dispersed phase superficial velocity, and continuous phase superficial velocity on volume-surface mean diameter was studied. Generally, the mean drop diameter decreased more rapidly with the increase of pulsation intensities and superficial velocities at low pulsation intensities and superficial velocities. However, the effect was not found to be significant at higher pulsation intensities and higher superficial velocities. In the interpretation of the experimental results, the drop size was observed to be a function of the operating regimes (mixer-settler, dispersion, and emulsion) of the pulsed sieve-plate extraction column. The experimental mean drop diameters were compared to the most acceptable analytical drop size correlation developed by Kumar and Hartland (1986). The correlation proved to be in good agreement for the column operating in the dispersion regime.